Human Fetal Chondrocytes are primary cells isolated from normal articular cartilage of healthy human fetuses. As primary cells, they exhibit limited proliferation capacity and are not suitable for long-term passaging. These cells play a key role in cartilage development and are widely applied in disease modeling. In monolayer culture, they undergo de-differentiation into a fibroblast-like phenotype, which can be reversed in semi-solid gels. Their clonal growth is strongly stimulated by IGF-I and IGF-II, but not by insulin or growth hormone. They highly express COL2A1 and SOX9, confirmed by RT-PCR and immunostaining. HLA class I is expressed, while HLA class II remains low. Karyotyping shows normal chromosomal profiles. They exhibit low tumorigenicity and require high-glucose DMEM with 1% FBS under 37°C and 5% CO₂. These features make them a valuable model for studying cartilage regeneration and analyzing chondrogenic signaling pathways.
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