Human Nucleus Pulposus Cells (HNPCs) are primary chondrocyte-like cells isolated from the human intervertebral discs. They play a critical role in maintaining disc matrix homeostasis and modulating immune responses. HNPCs express hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and secrete cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-10, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). These cells respond to biomechanical stimuli – mechanical stress can transiently enhances their proliferation, while chronic overloading accelerates extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation through matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activation, contributing to intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). These cells express mesenchymal markers (CD73+, CD90+, CD44+) and lack hematopoietic markers (CD34-, CD45-). These cells are cryopreserved at early passages and delivered frozen, they exhibits limited proliferative capacity and sensitivity to freeze-thaw cycles.
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